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For him, the concept of globalism not only provides a less conventional - but critical - lens to particularly look at ideological and discursive dimensions of globalization, but also a way by which we can grasp the formidable role of ideas, beliefs, language, and symbols in shaping the social conditions (Steger 2009: 17-18). In this context, Robertson (1992: 8) refers to globalization as 'the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.' In very concise but more compelling manner, Steger (2014: 1490) defines globalization as 'the expansion, intensification and acceleration of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space.' In his path-breaking study on globalisms, Steger specifically urges that we need to make a conceptual distinction between globalism and globalization although the former cannot exist in isolation from the latter. For example, according to McGrew (1990: 470), globalization constitutes a 'multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend nation-states (and by implication the societies) which make up the modern world system.' For others, the conceptual framework of globalization should involve not only the objective process of interconnection but incorporate the cognitive domains as well.
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For some scholars, globalization signifies the acceleration of intercon-nectedness. However, these popular usages and the diverse conceptualizations of the term have led to the concept conveying multiple meanings (McGrew 1990). Globalization as a conceptual framework began to permeate a growing body of social sciences literature from the 1980s. Conceptualizing Globalization: Definitions and Dynamics of Globalization To be specific, by reviewing and analyzing a vast array of literature on globalization, I will navigate the varied definitions, dimensions, perspectives and dynamics of globalization in the following chapters. In this regard, this paper aims to explore the key debates of globalization that have arisen in the social sciences. Controversies on globalization are, in brief: What is globalization and does it really exist? Is globalization multi-dimensional or solely confined to an economic phenomenon that can be objectively or quantitatively testified by statistical measures? Is globalization neoliberal capitalism? Does globalization lead to cultural conflict, homogeneity or hybridity? and many others (Pieterse 2015). As Pieterse (2015: 8-9) points out, globalization debates have invited more controversies than consensus the former being more pronounced in comparison to the latter. Globalization has thus caught a particular scholarly attention throughout the last two decades, yielding heated debates across a wide range of academic disciplines.
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IntroductionĪccording to Jan Art Scholte (1995), 'globalization stands out for quite a large public spread across the world as one of the defining terms of late twentieth-century social consciousness.' Therefore it would not be a hyperbole to say that globalization has indeed become a buzzword of our times, appearing as the primary attractor of everyday conversations, books, and articles (Kellner 2002 Steger 2009, 2014). Keywords: globalization, consensus, controversies. By reviewing and analyzing a vast array of academic literature on globalization, this study finally suggests that due to the concept's inherent complex, multifaceted and multidimensional nature, this notion has gained a relatively small consensus and big controversies. Particular attention will be paid to the varied definitions, dimensions, perspectives and dynamics of globalization. The primary aim of this research is to characterize the key transdisciplinary academic debates of globalization that have arisen in the social sciences over the last two decades. Globalization has thus caught a particular scholarly attention throughout the last two decades, yielding heated debates across a wide range of academic disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. The term 'globalization' has become a buzzword in our contemporary era.
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THE TRANS-DISCIPLINARY GLOBALIZATION DEBATES OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES: SMALL CONSENSUS, BIG CONTROVERSIES